 Warning:- 1.Handling concentrated acids and strong Alkalis is a dangerous task. 2. Never taste a lab chemical. 3. Never add water to a concentrated acids. (Acids have to be added to water) This originated from the using of nitricacid to test for gold. It may also mean using of litmus to recognize acids. Now it has taken a wider meaning. What are acids? In chemistry an acid is a compound that can produce Hydrogen ions, H+ in excess when dissolved in water. An acid is a proton donor. This chart will help you to recognize acids , bases and salts.. Chart no.1. Strong Acids, and their salts.  Chart no.1. Strong Acids, and their salts.
These acids are sometimes called 'Mineral aciids'. They are strong, ionise well producing lot of H+. This is how they ionize. HCl → H+ + Cl- . HNO3 → H+ + NO3-. H2SO4 → H+ +SO4- What are Bases? GCSE bite size BBC defines a bases as:- "Substances that can react with acids and neutralise them to make a salt and water are called bases." A base is a proton acceptor. Chart. 2. Salts of weak acids.
Last column is left blank for you to practice. A few important facts to remember with regard to properties of chemicals. 1. If the name of an element ends with "ium" it has to be a metallic element. (Exception-Helium and mmonium) 2. All the salts of the alkali metals (Li,Na,K ) and ammonium are soluble in water. 3.All nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble in water. 4. All chlorides are soluble except that of silver, mercury and lead. 5. All sulphates are soluble except that of Barium, Strontium, Calcium, Lead, and Mercury (I). 6. All carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, silicates, and phosphates of heavy metals are generally insoluble or slightly soluble. ______________________________________... Common Properties of Acids, Bases and Salts.
Strong Acids and Bases neutralize each other to produce water and ionic compounds termed salts . As the ions of salts remain in ionic form, really what happens is only the formation of water. H+ + OH- = H2O A few examples of acid base reactions. H+Cl- + Na+ + OH- → Na+ + Cl- + H2O Water does not ionise as much as the others. H+ +H+ + SO42-+ K+ + OH- + K+ + OH- → K+ + K+ + SO42- +2 H2O 2H+ + 2NO3- + Ca2+ + + 2OH- → Ca2+ + 2NO3- +2 H2O 2HCl + MgO → MgCl2 + H2O Acid Base Indicators. These are a substances used to determine the acidity or basicity of a substance.  Indicators from kitchen and garden.
It worth trying out these also. carrot juice, cranberry, Red radish, Rhubars, Strawberry,Tea, Food colouring. pH pondus hydrogeniiThis is a way to express the H+ concentration using logarithms."A measure of the degree to which a solution is acidic or alkaline. An acid is a substance that can give up a hydrogen ion (H+); A base is a substance that can accept H+. The more acidic a solution the greater the hydrogen ion concentration and the lower the pH; a pH of 7.0 indicates neutrality," Courtsey The free dictionary Universal Indicator (Solution or Paper) gives a value by the colour change to get the acidity of a substance.
 Q.1.0 Classify these as:-Acids, Acidic, Alkali, Alkaline, Salts, & others. HCl PbCl2 Water Slaked lime(aq) Soda water Gastric
juice Vinegar Saliva CuSO4 Na2CO3 Lime
juice H3PO4 H2S, Wax, Oil HNO3 NaOH NH4OH NaCl Soap
Marks 20. Q.2.0 2.1
1. 2.2 Give the formulae of salts formed by the acids marked in red and the ions in the first column. 5 x4 = 20. 2. 2.3 Which ion gives blue or bluish coloured salts. 5 3. 2.4 Which ion give thermally unstable salts. 5 4. 2.5 Name the following:- a. A soluble carbonate b. c. Insoluble chloride. 5x2 = 10 = 30 Q.3.0 Complete these equations. 1. KOH HCl → H2O + ................ 2. H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 + .............. 3. ...........+HNO3 → NH4NO3 + H2O 4, MgO + ...........→ MgCl2 + H2O 5. NH4OH + ............→ (NH4)2CO3 + H2O marks.4x5 =20 Q.4.0 1. A solution was tested with blue litmus paper. The colour did not change. What is your observation? a. Alkaline solution. b. Acid solution. c. Neutral solution. d. Alkaline or neutral solution. 2. Half a tea spoon of lime was added to a beaker of pure water. A milky colour resulted. On filtering that there was a white residue. What is your observation with regard to solubility of lime? a. Insoluble. b. Soluble. c. Either slightly soluble or insoluble. d. Slightly soluble. 3. Most inorganic compounds contain hydrogen are acids. Yet water does not conform to that rule. What could be the reason? a. Water has OH- ions to cancel that of H+ ions. b. Water does not conduct current. c. Water is a neutral substance. e. It has no sour taste. 4. Which is correct with regard to the oxides of non metals. a. They are solids. b. They dissolve in water to form alkalis. c. They dissolve to form acids. d. They dissolve to form acids. 5. In case of an acid spill, which substance is NOT suitable for use as a neutralizing agent.? a. Sodium hydroxide. .b. Sodium carbonate. c. Sodium bi carbonate. d. Lime water. Marks 2x5 = 10. 1. d. 2. c 3. a. 4. c. 5. a. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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