We wish to include tables useful for various purposes on this page
1 Richter scale for Earthquakes.
2 Mohr scale for hardness.
3.Physical properties of some solids. 4.Physical properties of some liquids. 5.Beaufort scale for wind.
1. EARTH QUAKES
Earth Quakes
|
Richter Scale
|
Category
|
Effects
|
Frequency
|
|
1.0 to 2.0
|
Micro
|
Generally detected only by seismographs.
|
1,300,000
|
|
2.0 to 4.0
|
Minor
|
Felt by some people. Rattling of doors.
|
130,000
|
|
4.0 to 5.0
|
Light
|
Some objects fall from shelves.
|
13000
|
|
5.0 to 6.0
|
Moderate
|
Damage to some buildings
|
1319
|
|
6.0 to 7/0
|
Strong
|
Severe shaking felt up to hundreds of kilometres. Much damage to buildings.. Some casualties.
|
134
|
|
7.0 to 8.0
|
Major
|
Severe damage to buildings. Many casualties in populated areas extending to 200km.
|
15
|
|
8.0 to 9.0
|
Great
|
Even earth quake resistant buildings get damaged. Cracks may appear on land.
|
1
|
|
9.0 to 10.0
|
Greater
|
Total destruction. Landscape changes.
|
Once in 20 to 50 yrs.
|
based on USGS data.
2. HARDNESS SCALE MOHR'S
|
No
|
Substance
|
Scratch test.
|
|
1
|
Talc
|
Finger nail can scratch.
|
Quartz can scratch.
|
Steel can scratch.
|
Diamond can scratch.
|
|
2
|
Gypsum
|
|
2.5
|
Finger nail
|
|
|
3
|
Calcite
|
|
|
4
|
Fluorite
|
|
|
5
|
Apatite
|
|
|
6
|
Feldspar
|
|
|
7
|
quartz (amethyst, agate)
|
|
|
7.5
|
Steel
|
|
|
8
|
beryl (emerald, aquamarine)
|
A gem from Sri Lanka.
|
|
9
|
corundum
|
ruby, sapphire
|
|
10
|
Diamond
|
|
|
|
> 10
|
Wurtzite boron nitride, lonsdalite.
|
|
Diamond cannot scratch.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON SOLIDS
|
Material
|
Specific Gravity
|
Melting Point
°C
|
Thermal expansion
10-6 / °C
|
Thermal conductivity
|
Electrical conductivity
|
Refractive index
|
|
Mass in relation to water as 1.0
|
In relation to the ability of copper taken as 100.
|
|
Aluminum
|
2.7
|
660
|
23
|
56
|
62
|
|
|
Brass
|
8.4- 8.7
|
930
|
19
|
28
|
25
|
|
|
Brick
|
1.8 to 2.4
|
|
|
Insulator
|
|
|
Carbon
|
2.25
|
4490
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ceramic
|
2 to3
|
3870
|
|
|
|
|
|
Concrete
|
2.3 to 2.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Copper
|
8.9
|
1085
|
17
|
100
|
100
|
|
|
Cork
|
0.1 to0.2
|
-
|
|
Insulator
|
|
|
Glass
|
2.4 to 2.8
|
-
|
Pyrex 3.3
|
1.5 to 1.6
|
|
Gold
|
19.3
|
1064
|
14
|
76
|
71
|
|
|
Granite
|
2.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iron
|
7.86
|
1538
|
118
|
17
|
17
|
|
|
Lead
|
11.3
|
327
|
29
|
9
|
8
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
1.74
|
650
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nickel
|
8.89
|
1455
|
13
|
20
|
25
|
|
|
Nylon; Polyamide
|
1.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Platinum
|
21.4
|
1768
|
|
18
|
16
|
|
|
Rubber
|
0.9 to 1.3
|
|
|
insulator
|
|
|
Silicon
|
2.3
|
1382
|
|
|
|
|
|
Silver
|
10.5
|
962
|
|
108
|
105
|
|
|
Solder; Tin-Lead
|
8 t0 11
|
215
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steel
|
7.9
|
1425
|
17.3
|
|
|
|
|
Limestone
|
2 to 2.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marble
|
2.5 to 2.9
|
-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quartz
|
2.6
|
-
|
|
|
|
1.5
|
|
Tin
|
7.3
|
232
|
|
17
|
15
|
|
|
Titanium
|
4.54
|
1668
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tungsten
|
19
|
3422
|
4.5
|
|
|
|
|
Wood
|
0.5 to 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zinc
|
7.1
|
420
|
|
29
|
30
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON LIQUIDS
|
Material
|
Specific Gravity
|
Melting point /°C
|
Boiling point /°C
|
Volume expansion
10-6 / °C
|
Refractive index
|
|
Acetone
|
0.8
|
-95
|
56
|
|
1.4
|
|
Alcohol; Ethanol
|
0.8
|
-114
|
78
|
750
|
1.4
|
|
Alcohol; Methanol
|
0.8
|
-98
|
65
|
|
1.4
|
|
Mercury
|
13.6
|
-39
|
357
|
|
|
|
Oil; Mineral
|
0.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oil; vegetable
|
0.9
|
-6
|
|
|
1.5
|
|
Water; Distilled (at4 ºC)
|
1.0
|
0
|
100
|
207
|
1.3
|
|
Water; Sea
|
1.02
|
|
|
|
1.4
|
5. BEAUFORT WIND ASSESSMENT SCALE
Introduced to Royal Navy by Sir Francis Beaufort (UK) in 1805.
|
Scale
|
Description
|
Maximum wave height in meters and Seascape.
|
Max. wind speed(km/h) and Landscape.
|
|
0
|
Calm
|
0 Smooth
|
< 1 Smoke rises vertically.
|
|
1
|
Light air
|
0.2 Ripples.
|
5.5 Smoke drifts.
|
|
2
|
Light breeze
|
0.5 Crests appear.
|
11 Leaves rustle.
|
|
3
|
Gentle breeze
|
1 Crests break.
|
19 Feels on face.
|
|
4
|
Moderate breeze
|
2 Waves and white caps
|
28 Branches move. Umbrellas turn.
|
|
5
|
Fresh breeze
|
3 Waves and spray.
|
38 Trees sway. Difficult to walk.
|
|
6
|
Strong breeze
|
4 Long waves with foam.
|
49 Wires whistle.
|
|
7
|
Near gale
|
5.1 Foam gets blown.
|
60 Larger trees sway and twigs break.
|
|
8
|
Gale
|
7.5 Lot of airborne spray
|
74 Cars veer on road
|
|
9
|
High gale
|
10 Poor visibility.
|
88 Small trees .topple
|
|
10
|
Storm
|
12.5 Very poor visibility.
|
100 Damage to structures.
|
|
11
|
High storm
|
16 Turbulent foamy sea
|
117 Roofs get blown off.
|
|
12
|
Hurricane.
|
≥ 16 White sea with driving spray.
|
≥ 118 Severe destruction.
| | 
